As EDN has reported over the last two years, 56 Gbit/s links are moving to PAM4 signaling as a way to overcome channel bandwidth issues. As this modulation technique takes hold, you'll need to ...

As our society’s hunger for data grows—not only more data, but more data delivered faster—older modulation schemes based on NRZ-type encoding grow increasingly inadequate. We need to get data from ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

Transmitter testing methods prior to TDECQ. Why TDECQ has overtaken TDP in PAM4 transmitter testing. Steps in the TDECQ measurement process. Using sampling oscilloscopes with built-in TDECQ.