Impedance mismatches in a radio-frequency (RF) electrical transmission line cause power loss and reflected energy. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a way to measure transmission line ...

Minimizing reflections and signal losses in test systems associated with the design, manufacture, and production of RF products can be a complex challenge. In addition to issues such as cable and ...

Upon initial look, the Smith chart appears to be quite complicated. Although the basis for the chart is deeply rooted in complex variable theory, you do not have to be a graduate-level mathematician ...

Building a successful microwave test system requires the use of many different components to control signal flow, signal level, and signal integrity. The design engineer must consider the impact of ...

This is the fourth in a series of articles about FM transmission systems. The bandwidth of a commercial FM broadcast signal, depending on whether or not subcarriers are used, is about 260 kHz. This ...