IPsec incorporates several cryptographic operations to ensure message authenticity, data integrity, and sender nonrepudiation. In this section we will describe the mechanics of these cryptographic ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Amilcar has 10 years of FinTech, blockchain, ...

Part I introduced some of the challenges in the way of the public understanding of how Bitcoin works, and summarized the strategic roles of the open source software model, peer-to-peer networking, and ...

An algorithm that transforms a given amount of data (the "message") into a fixed number of digits, known as the "hash," "digest" or "digital fingerprint." Hash functions are a fundamental component in ...

A digital signature, an asymmetric cryptography is designed using VHDL. The implementation has a Message Digest block and a RSA block. Implemented Digital Signature Algorithm on a Spartan 3 FPGA board ...

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has opened a competition to develop a new cryptographic “hash” algorithm, a tool that converts a file, message or block of data to a short ...

Download this article in PDF format. On the surface, this sounds ridiculous: A lobby fish tank gets attacked by hackers. Why would anyone want to break into a fish tank (Fig. 1)? But in this case, the ...

Previous articles (Part one, Part two) in this series on implementing VPN gateways using Cisco routers discussed the IPsec protocol and basic IPsec VPN connection models. Now we'll learn how to ...

Security researchers have achieved the first real-world collision attack against the SHA-1 hash function, producing two different PDF files with the same SHA-1 signature. This shows that the algorithm ...