Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

For years, scientists have been trying to understand the mechanisms behind the destruction of Earth’s cratons, but results have remained elusive. Now, in a Nature Geoscience study, researchers ...

Climate, tectonics and time combine to create powerful forces that craft the face of our planet. Add the gradual sculpting of the Earth’s surface by rivers and what to us seems solid as rock is ...

Earth’s surface is the “living skin” of our planet—it connects the physical, chemical, and biological systems. Over geological time, landscapes change as this surface evolves, regulating the carbon ...