In the first installment of this course, we learned that a digital value is a quantity that varies “in steps” and can take on only a finite number of values. In today’s logic systems, only two ...

This application note tackles on how to protect analog output circuits and why they should be protected. As one of the necessary components in the system’s performance, analog output circuits should ...

Living cells make decisions based on information processing genetic programmes. Many of these programmes execute digital functions 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The capability to build synthetic digital systems in ...

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) output driver chips are popular with embedded designers because they provide multiple outputs without using any CPU I/O pins. This article explains how to adapt a ...

Designers of digital systems are familiar with implementing the 'leftovers' of their digital design by using FPGAs and CPLDs to glue together various processors, memories, and standard function ...

In many system applications, it becomes necessary to adjust a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) output voltage within narrow limits in order to remove tolerances and drops in the power path, verify ...

Most audiophiles and enthusiasts have grown up with at least a basic understanding of what an amplifier does. It takes a tiny alternating electrical signal that represents the moment-to-moment ...